Following the failure of acute neuroprotection therapies, major efforts are currently\nmade worldwide to promote neurological recovery and brain plasticity in the subacute and\npost-acute phases of stroke. Currently, there is hope that stroke recovery might be promoted\nby cell-based therapies. The field of stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia has made significant\nprogress in the last five years. A variety of stem cells have been tested in animal models and\nhumans including adipose stem cells, human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells,\nhuman amnion epithelial cells, human placenta amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem\ncells, adult human pluripotent-like olfactory stem cells, human bone marrow endothelial progenitor\ncells, electrically-stimulated human neuronal progenitor cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells\n(iPSCs) of human origin. Combination therapies in animal models include a mix of two or more\ntherapeutic factors consisting of bone marrowstromal cells, exercise and thyroid hormones, endothelial\nprogenitor cells overexpressing the chemokine CXCL12. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial\neffects of transplanted cells include the â??bystanderâ? effects, paracrine mechanisms, or extracellular\nvesicles-mediated restorative effects. Mitochondria transfer also appears to be a powerful strategy\nfor regenerative processes. Studies in humans are currently limited to a small number of studies\nusing autologous stem cells mainly aimed to assess tolerability and side-effects of human stem cells\nin the clinic.
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